Indonesian Annual Conference Series

Tourism Management in Coastal and Island Areas: Planning Strategies for Sustainable Development

Laode Muhammad Zulkarnain — 2026-01-15

Coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia possess high tourism potential, yet they are highly vulnerable to environmental degradation caused by poorly managed tourism activities. Therefore, effective tourism management strategies are needed through spatial planning approaches that balance economic utilization with environmental preservation. This study aims to examine tourism management strategies for coastal and island areas within the framework of sustainable development. The research employs a literature review and descriptive analysis of tourism management practices and policies in several regions of Indonesia. The findings indicate that the application of carrying capacity principles, diversification of tourism products, and strengthening the role of local communities are key factors in maintaining sustainability. Furthermore, integrating spatial planning policies with tourism development has proven effective in minimizing land-use conflicts and mitigating environmental impacts. The study concludes that managing coastal and island tourism requires synergy between government, private stakeholders, and local communities within a participatory planning framework. In this way, tourism development not only contributes to local economic growth but also ensures the preservation of coastal and island ecosystems for future generations.

Analysis of Tourism Management in Coastal and Island Areas: A Case Study of Toronipa Beach, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Putriana Aksa — 2026-01-15

This study examines tourism management at Toronipa Beach, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, an emerging coastal tourism destination that faces various challenges, such as conflicts related to levy mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to understand the dynamics of tourism management in the area and the relationships among stakeholders within the context of community-based tourism (CBT). The method used is a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including field observations, in-depth interviews with business actors and the community, as well as secondary document analysis. The main findings show that tourism management is dominated by the local community, but there are inconsistencies in levy implementation that cause conflicts with tourists. This study emphasizes the importance of transparent governance and community capacity empowerment to support tourism development. The implications of the study point to the need for synergy among the government, local communities, and the private sector in managing destinations so that socio-economic benefits can be shared fairly.

Coastal Tourism Development Strategy at Arar White Sand Beach, Sorong Regency, to Encourage Tourist Interest

Murni — 2026-01-15

Arar White Sand Beach is a coastal tourist destination renowned for its natural beauty and strategic value for tourism development in Sorong Regency. Despite its significant potential, the management of this tourist area still faces various challenges, such as limited facilities, low promotional intensity, and a lack of local community involvement in tourism activities. This study aims to identify existing conditions, analyse management strategies, and formulate a direction for coastal tourism development at Arar White Sand Beach to increase visitor interest. The research method employed was a descriptive qualitative approach that included field observations, interviews with managers, local residents, and tourists, as well as a literature review on sustainable tourism management. The results indicate that management aspects remain ineffective, particularly in terms of area management, infrastructure provision, and promotional governance. Furthermore, the involvement of the local community remains limited to informal activities, which fail to significantly contribute to economic development. Recommended development strategies include: (1) improving basic infrastructure and tourism facilities, such as road access, rest areas, sanitation areas, and information centres; (2) digital promotion based on social media and tourism networks; and (3) community empowerment through the development of creative economic enterprises based on marine products and handicrafts. and (4) the application of ecotourism principles oriented toward environmental sustainability and active community participation. Implementation of this strategy is expected to strengthen the tourist appeal of Arar White Sand Beach, increase tourist visits, and positively impact the well-being of coastal communities. With proper management and development, Arar White Sand Beach has the potential to become a leading coastal tourism destination in Southwest Papua, providing not only a recreational experience but also supporting sustainable tourism development in Sorong Regency.

Agricultural Land Transformation and Its Implications for Socio-Economic Welfare in Aimas District

Endang Abubakar — 2026-01-15

Agricultural land conversion is a strategic issue with a direct impact on sustainable development and community welfare. This study examines the phenomenon of agricultural land conversion in Aimas District, Sorong Regency, and its implications for the socio-economic aspects of the local community. Changes in land use influenced by population growth, infrastructure development, and the expansion of the non-agricultural sector have triggered shifts in livelihood patterns and the community's economic structure. This study used mixed methods: a quantitative survey of 120 farming households and qualitative interviews with local stakeholders, such as government officials and community leaders. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between changes in cultivated land areas and income levels, food security, employment opportunities, and community social welfare. The results indicate that agricultural land transformation has ambivalent impacts. On the positive side, land conversion opens new economic opportunities in the services, trade, housing, and transportation sectors, thus boosting non-agricultural income growth for some communities. However, on the negative side, the reduction in agricultural land reduces local food production capacity, narrows smallholder farmers' access to livelihoods, and increases social vulnerability due to the loss of traditional agricultural identity. The decline in local rice production has also led to increased dependence on food supplies from outside the region. The policy implications highlight the importance of spatial planning and strict regulations on land conversion to prevent long-term food security disruptions. Furthermore, we need to implement farmer empowerment strategies through business diversification, technology-based productivity improvements, and expanded market access. Development in the Aimas District can support economic growth without compromising the social welfare of the farming community through balanced land transformation management.

Analysis of the Influence of Transformational Leadership Style on Performance at SDIT Luqman Al Hakim Yogyakarta

Candra — 2026-01-15

This study aims to analyze the influence of transformational leadership style on the performance of teachers at SDIT Luqman Al Hakim Yogyakarta. This research employs a quantitative method with a survey approach. The population consists of all permanent teachers at SDIT Luqman Al Hakim Yogyakarta, with the sampling technique using saturated sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires developed based on indicators of transformational leadership style and performance, and analyzed using simple linear regression. The results show that the transformational leadership style has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance. These findings indicate that the implementation of transformational leadership by the school principal can enhance teacher performance in terms of lesson planning, implementation, and evaluation. This study recommends that school leaders strengthen transformational leadership practices through an inspiring vision, motivational encouragement, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation.

Implications of Human Capital Development Strategies on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Job Performance in Secondary Schools in Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria

Charles Ekpung Akata — 2026-01-15

This study investigated the implications of human capital development strategies on teachers’ job satisfaction and job performance in secondary schools in the Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State. The study was guided by three objectives: to assess the influence of human capital development strategies on teachers’ job satisfaction, to examine the relationship between teacher development, job satisfaction, and job performance, and to determine the effect of such strategies on students’ academic performance and overall school outcomes. Anchored on Human Capital Theory, the study adopted a survey research design. A sample of 280 teachers was drawn using stratified random sampling from selected secondary schools in the zone. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, and ANOVA at a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that human capital development strategies such as training, workshops, seminars, welfare incentives, and career opportunities significantly influence teachers’ job satisfaction. Results also showed a strong positive relationship between teacher development, job satisfaction, and job performance. Furthermore, schools that invested more in teacher development recorded better student performance and improved school outcomes. The study concludes that systematic investment in human capital development is essential for enhancing teacher motivation, performance, and student achievement. It recommends that policymakers and administrators in Cross River State should prioritize continuous professional development, equitable access to training, improved welfare, and consistent monitoring of human capital development initiatives to strengthen the quality of secondary education.

The Resilience of Poor Families in Striving for Higher Education for Their Children in Donggo Subdistrict

Syukurman — 2026-01-15

Poverty remains a major problem in rural areas, including in Donggo District, Bima Regency, and has a significant impact on families' limited access to higher education. Although poverty rates in Bima Regency are showing a downward trend, human development disparities remain high, forcing poor families to develop resilience strategies to fight for their children's education. This study aims to understand the forms of resilience of poor families in overcoming structural, cultural, and economic barriers to their children's higher education. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were obtained through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of capital. The results show that poor families in Donggo rely on a combination of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital to maintain their children's education. Economic strategies are realized through subsistence farming, job diversification, and the sale of small assets; social support comes from kinship networks and community mutual aid; local Maja Labo Dahu cultural values function as symbolic capital that strengthens family motivation, while structural challenges in the form of geographical distance, indirect costs, and non-adaptive assistance policies limit their efforts.

Bibliometric Study of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) Curriculum as a Basis for Developing an Entrepreneurial Mindset and Empowering Human Capital in Higher Education

Dian Pertiwi Josua — 2026-01-15

This bibliometric study rigorously examines the impact of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) curricula in Indonesian universities on developing an entrepreneurial mindset and human capital. It posits three arguments: (1) OBE enhances academic achievement; (2) OBE strengthens adaptability to industry needs; and (3) OBE aligns graduates’ competitiveness with Indonesia’s regulatory and economic goals. These points underpin the research focus. Following the establishment of these foundational arguments, the study then adopted a structured bibliometric approach. Specifically, it reviewed Scopus-indexed publications (2020–2025) using PRISMA and Bibliometrix Biblioshiny in R. This analysis revealed a notable increase in research on OBE and the entrepreneurial mindset, reinforcing the study’s central claims. Furthermore, the implementation of OBE stimulates outcome-focused learning, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovation, key factors that enable graduates to adapt successfully to various contexts. Extending these findings to practical applications, the study next examines the challenges of integrating OBE into entrepreneurship curricula. Institutions often encounter hurdles such as insufficient lecturer expertise in OBE pedagogy, a lack of dedicated financial and material resources for program development, and challenges in designing assessment tools that objectively capture creative and non-linear competencies. Nevertheless, experiential learning, business simulations, and collaborative projects continue to foster students' creativity, innovation, and real-world problem-solving skills. The study asserts that OBE-centered curricula are essential for producing entrepreneurial graduates equipped with digital literacy, leadership skills, and self-efficacy. Additionally, cross-border partnerships promise to enhance these outcomes. By focusing on these core competencies, universities not only prepare students for a globalized market but also contribute to national innovation and the development of human capital.

Wedding Organizer Startup Innovation Based on Learning Competencies in the Bridal Course

Dian Pertiwi Josua — 2026-01-15

This study aims to develop and validate an innovative “Manten” Wedding Organizer (WO) startup model. The model integrates learning competencies in bridal courses with digital entrepreneurship practices, all based on a competency curriculum. The study was motivated by a gap between the capabilities of vocational education graduates in the wedding organizer field and industry needs. The industry now prioritizes innovation, digitalization, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The research method used a Research and Development approach. The process began with a comprehensive needs analysis, conducted through a literature review, interviews, and observations. Afterwards, the process included model design, implementation in learning and field practice, and a comprehensive evaluation before and after implementation. The results showed a significant increase in technical, event management, and entrepreneurial competencies among respondents. Business indicators also increased by more than 20 points each after the model's implementation, including service user satisfaction, vendor collaboration, business sustainability, and market reach. Validation from lecturers, respondents, and industry players demonstrated that this model bridges the academic world and the creative wedding industry. It also opens opportunities to develop innovative young entrepreneurs who adapt to the dynamics of the digital market. The implications of this research reinforce the argument that integrating vocational education with start-up business practices can help develop superior and relevant human resources for the digital creative economy era.

Intergenerational Relations and the Digital Economy: Educational Transformation of Urban Families

Jepri Utomo — 2026-01-15

The rapid growth of the digital economy in the era of Society 5.0 has significantly reshaped family dynamics, particularly in urban contexts where intergenerational relations play a central role in education. This study explores how urban families in Mataram City negotiate authority, social capital, and digital capital within the context of educational transformation. Using a qualitative descriptive approach with a multi-unit case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and field notes involving five urban families. Thematic and interactive analysis guided by Bourdieu’s theory of capital revealed three major findings: first, the fragmentation of family communication as members spend more time on individual digital devices; second, the shift of educational authority from parents to digital systems that offer instant knowledge and guidance; and third, the erosion of family social capital, resulting in weakened emotional closeness and reduced parental legitimacy. Despite these challenges, the study also found that harmony is not lost when families can create reflective spaces, negotiate authority, and engage in reciprocal capital conversion between generations. These findings highlight the importance of rethinking family education not only from a technological perspective but also from a socio-economic standpoint, positioning urban families in Mataram as critical arenas for understanding how digital economies reshape intergenerational relations.

The Impact of Financial Performance on Stock Prices: Evidence from Telecommunications Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, 2018–2022

Anindita Putri Salsabillah — 2026-01-15

This study aims to examine the effect of financial performance on stock prices of telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The objects of this research are Earnings per Share (EPS), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Return on Equity (ROE) as exogenous variables, and Stock Price as the endogenous variable in telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research population consists of 19 telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling (based on specific criteria). Therefore, the final sample of this study comprises 8 companies. The data collection method employed is documentation. The data were analyzed using panel data regression with EViews v12 software. The results of this study indicate that Earnings per Share (EPS) has a positive effect on stock prices, suggesting that the higher the EPS of a company, the higher its stock price, and vice versa. Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) harms stock prices, indicating that the lower the DER of a company, the higher its stock price, and vice versa. Return on Equity (ROE) has a positive effect on stock prices, meaning that the higher the ROE, the higher the stock price, and vice versa.

From Sustainability to Profitability: How ESG-Driven Business Models Influence Financial Performance through Report Disclosures

Try Edi Suwarno — 2026-01-15

This study aims to analyze the effect of sustainability report disclosures, encompassing the economic, environmental, and social dimensions, on the profitability of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research employs secondary data obtained from sustainability reports and financial statements for the 2019–2021 period, with a sample of 16 companies selected through purposive sampling. The analysis method utilizes panel data regression with the assistance of EViews, involving model selection tests (Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier), model estimation, and hypothesis testing. The results indicate that economic disclosure has a negative and significant effect on profitability, environmental disclosure has no significant effect, while social disclosure has a positive and significant effect on profitability. These findings suggest that the social dimension serves as the main driver of profitability in Indonesia’s manufacturing sector, whereas economic and environmental aspects require more effective disclosure strategies to generate long-term added value. This study reinforces stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and signaling theory within the context of emerging markets and provides practical implications for companies and regulators to enhance the quality of sustainability disclosures.

The Role of Agency Costs in Moderating the Effect of Capital Structure on Company Performance: A Study of Banks Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2014-2023

Muh. Akbar — 2026-01-15

Capital structure plays an important role in determining bank performance through funding policies chosen by management. However, agency conflicts, namely agency costs, can affect the strength of the relationship between capital structure and performance. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of agency costs as a moderator of the influence of capital structure on bank performance. Capital structure is proxied by the Short Term Debt to Total Assets Ratio (STDTA) and Long Term Debt to Total Assets Ratio (LTDTA). Financial performance is measured using three indicators: Return on Assets (ROA), Tobin's Q, and Earnings Per Share (EPS). Agency costs are proxied by the operating expense ratio (OER). The population of this study consists of all banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2014-2023, totaling 443 banks/year. The number of observations was 200 banks selected purposively, then data correction was performed through outlier and data centering, resulting in 144 observations. The analytical tool in this study is panel data regression analysis. The results show that LTDTA and OER have a significant negative effect on ROA, and agency cost moderates the effect of STDTA and LTDTA on ROA. STDTA and OER also have a significant negative effect on TQ, but agency cost does not act as a moderator. In EPS, STDTA and OER have a significant effect, while agency cost only moderates the effect of LTDTA. These findings emphasize the importance of operational cost efficiency in increasing profitability and the need for proper capital structure management in maintaining market value and shareholder returns.

The Effect of Corporate Sustainability Performance on Profitability Moderated by Liquidity and Stock Price Volatility in Oil, Gas, and Coal Sub-Sector Companies of Indonesia in 2019-2023

Muhammad Ibnu Hidayat — 2026-01-15

This study aims to investigate the Effect of Corporate Sustainability Performance on Profitability Moderated by Liquidity and Stock Price Volatility of Oil, Gas and Coal Sub-Sector Company in Indonesia. The population of this study is the oil, gas, and coal sub-sector firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2023, with a total of 81 companies. By using the purposive sampling method, 14 samples were taken. This study uses panel data regression analysis to analyze the impact of sustainability (economic, social, and environmental) on firm profitability. Further, 38 criteria were utilized in the study to measure CSP to understand whether firms ranked high on sustainability parameters perform better than low-ranked firms. The results of this study show that corporate sustainability performance (CSP) has a positive and significant effect on profitability. Liquidity moderates the influence of corporate sustainability performance (CSP) on profitability, with the interaction coefficient value showing a negative influence. While stock price volatility moderates the effect of corporate sustainability performance (CSP) on return on equity (ROE), with a positive influence direction. Companies are advised to continuously improve the quality and scope of their sustainability programs, especially in environmental and social aspects, so that they can provide a positive image, improve their reputation, and have a direct impact on long-term profitability. This study provides insight into the factors influencing the profitability of mining companies in Indonesia. The findings of this study underline the importance of corporate sustainability performance, liquidity, and stock price volatility in improving mining company profitability.

Moderating Effect of Social and Environmental Accounting on the Performance of Nigeria Breweries Manufacturing Firm

Chukwuoyim Kevin E. — 2026-01-15

The study examined the effect of social and environmental costs on the performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria using Nigeria Breweries as a case study. Variables such as profit after tax, earnings per share, dividend per share, and return on assets in Nigeria breweries was tested against social and environmental cost. With the present regulations on management in Nigeria, manufacturing companies are subjected to comply with the social regulations. By so doing, they incur costs; whether this cost improves or reduces financial performance is the central question that will be explored by this research. The ex post facto research design was adopted. The hypotheses were analyzed using linear regression for all the variables considered, and this gave various results. For the observation of the PAT on SC, we had that the correlation strength was 0.489, which is considered to be positive but weak. And the p-value was greater than 0.05, so we accepted the null hypothesis that stated that there is no significant effect of social cost on profit after tax. This study analyzed the annual report of Nigerian breweries and concluded that Nigerian Brewery should consider the environments where their various companies are and play a major role in enhancing the lives and properties of the indigenes of the locations.

The Influence of Accountant Characteristics on Transaction Management and Business Performance in Private Firms in Ebonyi State

Aliu Kafayat Arinola — 2026-01-15

The increasing complexity of business operations in Nigeria has highlighted the importance of accountants’ skills, experience, and personal attributes in influencing both transaction management and overall firm performance. This study investigates the influence of accountant characteristics, educational background, professional experience, ethical orientation, and technological competence on transaction management and business performance in private firms in Ebonyi State. Using a survey research design, data were collected from 383 respondents drawn from private firms across the state. A t-test analysis was conducted to test the formulated hypotheses. Findings reveal that accountant characteristics significantly influence transaction accuracy, transparency, and timeliness, which in turn impact profitability, operational efficiency, and competitiveness of firms. The study concludes that accountants with strong professional qualifications and technological adaptability improve firm performance through effective transaction management. It recommends that private firms in Ebonyi State should invest in continuous professional development, promote ethical standards, and embrace digital accounting tools.

Analysis of Sustainability Reporting Practices: A Comparative Case Study of Developed and Developing Countries

La Ode Suharman — 2026-01-15

This research is motivated by differences in sustainability reporting practices between developed and developing countries, particularly regarding the depth of disclosure, standards used, and reporting orientation. The objective of this study is to analyze and compare sustainability reporting practices in companies in developed and developing countries, using legitimacy and stakeholder theories as a foundation. The research method used is a literature review with a descriptive analysis approach, analyzing the 2023–2024 sustainability reports of four companies: Newmont Corporation (United States), Sumitomo Metal Mining (Japan), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (India), and PT Aneka Tambang Tbk (Indonesia). The results show that companies in developed countries have made sustainability reporting an integral part of strategic and transparent corporate governance, while companies in developing countries still focus on regulatory compliance and social responsibility. These findings confirm that social legitimacy and stakeholder pressure play a significant role in shaping the quality of sustainability reporting. The implications of this research are the need for harmonization of global standards and increased capacity and awareness of companies in developing countries to bring sustainability reporting practices more in line with international standards.

Accountability of the Tritugas Church of Toraja Tongkonan Kendari Congregation: A Phenomenological Study

Satira Yusuf — 2026-01-15

This study aims to explore and find the meaning of accountability in the implementation of the Church's Triduum, namely Koinonia (fellowship), Marturia (testimony), and Diakonia (service), which are delivered directly in front of the congregation. This study was conducted at the Toraja Church, Tongkonan Congregation, Kendari, where the source of church operational funding comes from various congregation contributions, such as tithes, offerings, and donations received from the congregation. The funding is communal and is managed and reported transparently to the entire congregation as a form of accountability. This study employs an interpretive paradigm with a transcendental phenomenological approach to deeply understand the experiences and views of church administrators regarding the concept of accountability in church life. The object of this study is the Toraja Church, Tongkonan Congregation, Kendari, with four church administrators as the main informants, namely the Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer, and Verification Commission. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that accountability in the implementation of the Church's Triduum is interpreted as a form of loyalty in making God's Word the main basis for every service action. Values such as openness, honesty, togetherness, and firmness in enforcing the rules are the main principles that are upheld in the process of conveying accountability to the congregation. The meaning of this accountability is not only understood as an administrative obligation, but also as a form of respect for God and a means to build trust, togetherness, and peace in church life.

The Financial Performance Assessment of University X Through ROI and EVA

Cynthia Riyanti Martana — 2026-01-15

Financial performance assessment is a crucial aspect in ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of higher education institution management, especially in an era of dynamic competition and economic change. This study aims to evaluate the financial performance of University X through two main approaches, namely Return on Investment (ROI) and Economic Value Added (EVA), to obtain a comprehensive overview of efficiency and value creation from the use of available resources. This research employs a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary financial data collected over five years (2020–2024). The components analyzed include net income, total assets, EBIT, cost of capital, and the university’s capital structure. The findings reveal that the ROI of University X consistently remained above 30% and peaked in 2022 and 2024 with values exceeding 50%, reflecting high efficiency in asset utilization. Meanwhile, the positive EVA values throughout the research period indicate that the institution not only covered its capital costs but also consistently created additional economic value. These results demonstrate that University X has healthy and sustainable financial performance. The study recommends that the university continue to strengthen cost-efficiency strategies, enhance financial oversight, and develop innovation-based long-term investments to maintain its positive performance in the future.

Analysis of the Impact of Firm Size on Environmental Costs and Carbon Emission Transparency in the Metal and Mining Sector

Si Made Ngurah Purnaman — 2026-01-15

This study investigates how firm size influences environmental expenditures and carbon emission transparency within Indonesia’s metal and mining industry. Despite its crucial contribution to both national and global economic development, this sector remains a major source of ecological degradation, including soil damage, water and air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Using a qualitative approach based on document analysis and secondary data from 20 publicly listed firms on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, the study finds that most companies fall under the large-scale category in terms of total assets and revenue. However, environmental cost disclosures vary widely: PT Trimegah Bangun Persada Tbk reports the highest figure (IDR 708 billion), whereas PT Lionmesh Prima records the lowest (IDR 35 million). Regarding carbon disclosure, five companies either lack reliable emission data or fail to comply with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) reporting standards, while PT Trimegah Bangun Persada Tbk exhibits the largest emissions (approximately 11 million tons CO₂e). The findings suggest a general trend where larger firms tend to report environmental and carbon data in more detail, though full compliance remains inconsistent. The study underscores the need for stronger regulatory enforcement to promote transparency and accountability in environmental reporting practices across the metal and mining sector.

Integrating ESG Metrics into the Business Model Canvas for Clean Energy Startups

Asaad Belal Othman — 2026-01-15

Startups in clean energy are particularly vulnerable: their technology is capital-intensive and the time horizon is long, and the sustainability expectations are changing. In order to succeed, they need to match business strategy with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance and access sustainable finance. This paper is a literature review on sustainable business models and ESG finance, and a proposed Business Model Canvas (BMC), modified to include explicit ESG metrics in all nine of the building blocks it consists of. We use academic and industry sources to provide an example of an ESG-BMC framework that maps example ESG indicators to elements of BMC. Examples of clean-energy projects (e.g., Kenya M-KOPA Solar and Rwanda Bboxx) demonstrate how the incorporation of ESG into value propositions, partnerships, and revenue models may bring in ESG-decentralized capital. In the analysis, we identify that startups that have clearly factored quantifiable environmental and social impact (e.g., reducing carbon footprint, benefiting the community) into their BMC are more likely to receive green funding and better financing options. We deduce that an ESG-conscious BMC assists clean-energy entrepreneurs to develop sustainable models that will appeal to impact investors based on standards such as the EU taxonomy and sustainability standards. This unification is crucial to unlock sustainable finance (green bonds, climate funds, ESG-linked loans), and accelerate clean innovations, and the triple-bottom-line is much more than a reporting practice and is a business strategy.

The Role of Industry 4.0 Production Technology in Moderating the Effect of Circular Manufacturing on Financial Performance

Mihmu — 2026-01-15

The transformation towards a sustainable economy through the implementation of circular manufacturing faces complex challenges in achieving optimal financial performance, while industrial production technology 4.0 has the potential to be a strategic catalyst in the process. This study aims to analyze the role of industrial production technology 4.0 as a moderation variable in the relationship between circular manufacturing and financial performance in the manufacturing industry in Southeast Sulawesi Province. An explanatory quantitative methodology was applied by involving 114 respondents, managers, and owners of manufacturing companies selected through simple random sampling. The research instrument in the form of a structured questionnaire was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling with SmartPLS 4.0 software. The findings show that circular manufacturing has a significant effect on financial performance. Industrial production technology 4.0 has been shown to significantly moderate the relationship (β = 0.178; p = 0.036). The implications of the study indicate that the integration of digital technology in circular manufacturing practices creates optimal synergies that accelerate the achievement of triple bottom line performance, especially through increased transparency, operational efficiency, and sustainable innovation in Indonesia's manufacturing ecosystem.

Analysis of PayLater Services Impacts on Impulsive Buying Behavior of Online Marketplace Consumers in Kendari

Nurul Ittaqullah — 2026-01-15

The Paylater feature on marketplaces in Indonesia is increasingly popular because it offers easy payment in installments or deferred payments. This convenience has the potential to encourage impulsive buying behavior in consumers, namely the tendency to buy without careful planning. This study aims to describe the consumer experience in using Paylater and its relation to impulsive behavior. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with instruments in the form of a questionnaire containing closed-ended statements on a Likert scale to support quantitative descriptive analysis, as well as open-ended questions to explore consumer experience in more depth, which were disseminated online to 23 informants who used Paylater in the marketplace. The analysis was carried out through simple descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for open-ended answers. The results of the study show that the majority of informants feel that Paylater facilitates transactions (76.9%), but at the same time increases the tendency to impulsive buying, especially when there are promos or flash sales. The qualitative analysis revealed three main themes: (1) the motivation for using Paylater includes convenience, promos, and payment flexibility; (2) impulsive triggers come from discounts, advertisements, and product recommendations; and (3) the diverse emotional and financial impacts, from momentary gratification to regret due to accumulating installments. This study concludes that Paylater has a significant role in shaping the impulsive buying behavior of marketplace consumers, so it is important to have digital financial literacy education to reduce its negative impact.

Impact of Automated Accounting Systems on Daily Transaction Management and Firm Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises in Delta State, Nigeria

Osasere Festus Imasuen — 2026-01-15

The increasing complexity of business operations in contemporary markets has compelled small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria to adopt innovative tools for managing financial records. Automated accounting systems (AAS) have emerged as one of the key technological solutions that enhance efficiency in daily transaction management, reduce human errors, and improve overall firm performance. This study investigates the impact of automated accounting systems on the daily transaction management and performance of SMEs in Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 400 SME operators across major cities in Delta State. The study applied independent sample t-tests to test hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of AAS on transaction accuracy and firm profitability. Results revealed that SMEs using AAS experienced significantly higher efficiency in transaction management and improved financial performance compared to those relying on manual systems. The study concludes that automation is a critical enabler of sustainable growth for SMEs. It recommends increased adoption of AAS, capacity-building programs for operators, and policy support to integrate affordable accounting technologies for SMEs in Nigeria.

Evaluation of the Internal Control System in Minimizing the Level of Water Production Loss in the Regional Drinking Water Company of Parepare City

Arfianty — 2026-01-15

An Internal Control System is an organizational structure, methods, and measures coordinated to safeguard organizational assets, check the accuracy and reliability of accounting, promote efficiency, and encourage compliance with management policies. To create internal control within a company, it is necessary to establish an organizational structure that clearly separates functional responsibilities. The elements that need to be designed are a system of authority and recording procedures that provide adequate protection for assets, debts, income, and expenses. The purpose ofThis research is to determine the evaluation of the internal control system in minimizing the level of water production loss at PDAM Parepare City. The data collection techniques used in this study were interviews, observation, and documentation. The informants in the study were six people, including PLT SPI, Customer Relations Manager, Engineering and Operations Manager, Assistant Production and Processing Manager, and two meter readers. The data analysis technique used in this study was qualitative analysis. After going through the analysis process, it was found that the internal control system implemented by PDAM Parepare City had been implemented according to the SPI indicators, namely organizational structure, authority system, recording procedures, healthy practices, and competent employees.

Digital Transformation of Culinary MSMEs: A Case Study of Warung Coto Jeneberang Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi

Larasanti Cahyaningsih — 2026-01-15

Digital transformation is a key factor in increasing the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Industry 4.0 era. Culinary MSMEs face challenges in adopting digital technology to expand their markets, improve operational efficiency, and strengthen their brand image. This study uses a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review combining 15 international journals and direct interviews with the owner of Warung Coto Jeneberang Kendari. This research focuses on digital marketing, technology-based operational management, and crisis survival strategies. The study results show that digital transformation has a significant impact on improving business performance, with digital literacy, infrastructure support, and government policies as key determinants of success. The Warung Coto Jeneberang case study shows that innovation through the integration of GrabFood services since 2017, the use of online couriers, and the use of QRIS for non-cash payments has proven effective in maintaining business continuity, even when the COVID-19 pandemic reduced sales by up to 70%. These findings confirm that digitalization is not just a trend, but a crucial strategy for culinary MSMEs to survive and thrive.

The Value of Mutual Cooperation in the Context of the Digital Economy: A Social Study of Junior High School Students in Central Mamuju

Harisman — 2026-01-15

This study aims to examine the transformation of mutual cooperation values in the context of the digital economy among junior high school students in Central Mamuju Regency. Social changes marked by advances in information technology have encouraged the emergence of new forms of social interaction and collaboration among adolescents. Using a qualitative approach and social study methods, this study explores how the value of mutual cooperation, which was originally rooted in traditional practices such as community service and physical activities, has shifted towards digital collaboration in the form of online activities, such as virtual group work, information sharing, and mutual moral support on social media. The results of the study show that junior high school students in Central Mamuju have adapted the value of mutual cooperation to the digital context by emphasizing virtual solidarity, project-based collaboration, and participation in online social activities. Schools play an important role through the implementation of Project-Based Learning, which fosters digital cooperation and collective responsibility. Meanwhile, families and the local culture of Central Mamuju contribute to preserving the essence of togetherness so that it is not eroded by the individualistic culture that has emerged as a result of the intensity of online interactions. This transformation demonstrates the ability of the local community, especially the younger generation, to adapt traditional social values to digital life in a creative and contextual manner.

The Effect of Exchange Rate and Money Supply on Exports in Indonesia

Nusriona — 2026-01-15

This study aims to analyze the influence of the USD/IDR exchange rate and the money supply (M2) on Indonesia's total exports. The method used is multiple linear regression in the form of monthly data from 2019–2024, sourced from Bank Indonesia and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Multiple linear regression tests were conducted to identify the influence of exchange rates and money supply on exports in Indonesia. The results of the study show that partially the USD/IDR exchange rate variable has a positive but insignificant effect on Indonesian exports, and the variable money supply has a positive and significant effect on Indonesian exports. Meanwhile, the exchange rate variables and the money supply together have a significant positive effect on Indonesia's exports.

Integration of Papuan Local Transmigration and Fiscal Monetary Policy for Food Security in Klamono-Segun

La Ibal ibal — 2026-01-15

Transmigration in Papua has a long history, stretching from the colonial era to the Special Autonomy era, which began in 2001. Currently, local transmigration is geared towards greater inclusiveness by involving Indigenous Papuans as active participants. However, its implementation faces several challenges, particularly limited productive land, infrastructure, market access, and potential conflicts over customary land rights. Furthermore, food security in West Papua, particularly in the Klamono-Segun District, remains highly vulnerable due to dependence on rice from outside the region, low local food productivity, and a high prevalence of stunting. The potential for locally sourced foods, such as sago, cassava, and corn, is substantial but has not been optimally utilised due to a lack of processing innovation and market access. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, analysing literature and official documents, including the 2026 Macroeconomic Framework and Fiscal Policy Principles. The results indicate that national fiscal-monetary policy is expansionary and provides a strategic opportunity to strengthen food security in Papua. Fiscal instruments such as agricultural subsidies, the use of Special Autonomy Funds, special credit schemes, and nutrition programmes can be synergised with local transmigration to empower indigenous Papuans. From a monetary perspective, price stabilisation, regional inflation control, and financial inclusion are important supporting factors. Rather than being merely a technical strategy, the integration of local transmigration with fiscal-monetary policy serves as an instrument for equitable, inclusive, and sustainable development. Successful integration is crucially determined by the active participation of indigenous Papuans, respect for customary rights, and adaptive social protection measures that can bridge the socio-economic transition. Thus, Klamono-Segun has the potential to become a model for strengthening locally based, contextual food security for Papua.

Economic Enabling Factors and the Sustainability of Indonesia’s National Health Insurance: Evidence from Hospital Utilization

Sofia — 2026-01-15

The Indonesian National Health Insurance (JKN) program is one of the largest public health financing schemes in the world, aiming to ensure equitable access to health services while maintaining fiscal sustainability. Hospital utilisation, particularly outpatient and inpatient care, significantly impacts the program’s financing and long-term sustainability. This study analyses enabling factors, such as hospital availability, referral patterns, and INA-CBG claim rates, and their economic implications for the sustainability of JKN. Using BPJS Kesehatan claim data from 2016–2019, we conducted bivariate analysis to assess correlations between enabling factors and hospital visit rates. Results show that higher INA-CBG rates, more hospital availability, and higher referral proportions are positively correlated with utilisation, thereby increasing health expenditures. From an economic perspective, these findings highlight the tension between access and sustainability, where expanding utilisation without adequate cost containment may jeopardise fiscal stability. The study concludes that strategic purchasing, equitable hospital distribution, and optimised referral mechanisms are critical economic strategies for ensuring the sustainability of JKN as part of Indonesia’s contribution to sustainable development.

Healthy Lifestyle Economics: Socio-Economic Analysis of Running Activities in Public Spaces in Makassar City

Silatul Rahmi — 2026-01-15

This study aims to understand the mechanism of how running events and practices in public spaces shape the economic value chain, from product consumption to services, and how these practices contribute to the production and reinforcement of social identity through the display of a healthy lifestyle. The analysis is based on the concepts of cultural capital and impression management, viewing sports as a symbolic practice that builds a modern self-image. This study uses a descriptive-interpretative qualitative approach to understand the socio-economic dynamics behind running activities as part of the healthy lifestyle of the community in the public spaces of Makassar City. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with runners, sports communities, and local businesses, participant observation at strategic locations such as Losari Beach and Karebosi Field, and analysis of documentation related to events and city policies. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns of meaning that connect healthy lifestyle practices with economic aspects and social interactions, while triangulation of sources and methods was used to ensure the validity and credibility of the findings. The results of the study show that running in public spaces, such as Losari Beach and Karebosi Field, not only serves as a means of maintaining fitness but is also intertwined with consumptive economic logic. This activity has given rise to new consumption patterns that include branded shoes and clothing, health supplements, and supporting accessories, which also serve as symbols of social status. Thus, a healthy lifestyle is integrated with consumption and prestige, reinforcing the economic dynamics of urban lifestyles. In addition, running contributes to the local economic ecosystem through the involvement of microeconomic actors, such as street vendors, healthy drink sellers, photography service providers, and fitness app developers. This confirms that public spaces serve a dual function: as arenas for health and social interaction, as well as economic spaces that support the livelihoods of urban communities.

Family Socio-Economic Practices in Shaping Adolescent Sexual Behavior: An Ethnographic Study in Makassar City

Andi Ilham Muhtar — 2026-01-15

This study aims to understand how family socio-economic practices play a role in shaping adolescent sexual behavior in Makassar City. The research focuses on parenting patterns, social control, and the influence of economic factors on adolescents' access to information and interaction with their environment. This study uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. Data were obtained through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with adolescents, parents, and community leaders, as well as field documentation. Data analysis was conducted using Spradley's ethnographic model, which includes domain analysis, taxonomy, component analysis, and cultural themes, and its validity was tested through triangulation of sources, techniques, and time. The results of the study show four important findings. First, the socioeconomic conditions of families influence patterns of interaction and supervision of adolescents, with economically disadvantaged families being more vulnerable to weakened social control. Second, permissive parenting patterns arise as a result of economic burdens, while families with stable economies are able to foster open communication and instill moral values. Third, economic status determines adolescents' access to technology and media that have the potential to increase their exposure to sexual information. Fourth, cultural and religious values within the family serve as important filters that can minimize risky sexual behavior, even in limited economic conditions. This study confirms that the interaction between socioeconomic, cultural, and religious factors shapes adolescents' habitus in managing their sexual behavior in urban environments.

An Empirical Analysis of Digitalization and Financial Inclusion on MSME Performance

Paskanova Christi Gainau — 2026-01-15

This study aims to investigate how the performance of MSMEs is influenced by financial technology and financial inclusion. Financial technology is represented by cashless payment and market aggregators. This study collected data via a purposive sampling survey with 109 MSME entrepreneurs in Ambon City. The study examines the performance of MSMEs as the dependent variable, with cashless payment, market aggregators, and financial inclusion as independent variables. The structural equation model partial least squares (SEM-PLS) was used for analysis. The study demonstrates that the elements of financial technology - cashless payment and market aggregators- significantly contribute to MSMEs' performance. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that financial inclusion does not significantly affect the performance of MSMEs. These results imply that the more optimally MSME entrepreneurs utilize cashless payment and market aggregators, the better their business performance will be. MSMEs should adopt cashless payment systems to facilitate transactions and increase sales. In addition, they should also be accustomed to accessing digital funding information to support business performance.

Enhancing Human Capital Development in Remote Regions through Digital Literacy: The Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Mindset

Rizka Cintya Edwar — 2026-01-15

Human capital development in remote regions is a crucial factor in fostering inclusive and sustainable economic ecosystems, particularly in the global era where competitiveness is increasingly determined by knowledge, skills, and innovation. However, communities in remote areas often face barriers such as limited access to education, digital infrastructure, and entrepreneurial opportunities, which hinder their active participation in broader economic networks. This study aims to analyze the effect of digital literacy on human capital development, with an entrepreneurial mindset as a mediating variable. The research objects are Papuan students at Universitas Cenderawasih who have taken entrepreneurship courses, as they are considered to possess fundamental knowledge of entrepreneurship and have gained practical experience through campus programs such as entrepreneurship bazaars. The study involved a population of 220 students, with a total sample of 142 respondents determined using Slovin’s formula. A quantitative approach was employed, and data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SmartPLS to test both direct and indirect relationships in the proposed structural model. The results indicate that digital literacy has a significant positive impact on human capital development, while the entrepreneurial mindset serves as a mediating variable that strengthens this relationship. These findings highlight that enhancing an entrepreneurial mindset is a strategic pathway to maximize the impact of digital competencies on sustainable human capital development in remote regions. The study contributes to the literature on human capital development in emerging economies and provides practical insights for policymakers and educators in designing more targeted development programs for academic communities in remote areas.

Firm-Specific Determinants and Marketing Investment as Predictors of Business Performance: Evidence From SMEs in Asaba, Delta State

Abude Peter — 2026-01-15

This research examines the impact of firm-specific factors and marketing investments on the performance of small and medium firms (SMEs) in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. The study is driven by increasing apprehension regarding the sustainability and competitiveness of SMEs, despite their essential contributions to job creation, innovation, and regional development. The study was directed by the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Dynamic Capability Theory, focussing on the impacts of firm determinants such as age, size, ownership structure, managerial experience, access to finance, and technology adoption, in conjunction with marketing investment variables including advertising, digital marketing, sales promotion, customer relationship management (CRM) activities, and market research. A descriptive survey research design was utilised, and data were gathered from 200 managers, supervisors, and operational staff of SMEs via structured questionnaires. Stratified random sampling ensured representation across industries, including retail, hotel, manufacturing, and services. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis were used to look at the data. The results show that factors that are distinctive to a company have a big beneficial effect on SME success. Access to funding, firm size, and managerial experience are the three most important factors. Investing in marketing was also shown to greatly improve performance, especially through digital marketing and CRM operations. Moreover, the combined impact of company drivers and marketing investment demonstrated a more significant effect on SME performance than either variable independently. The study demonstrated that marketing investment partially mediates the relationship between firm-specific factors and performance, indicating that internal resources must be strategically transformed into market-oriented actions to get superior outcomes. The research indicates that the performance of SMEs in Asaba is influenced by both internal organisational characteristics and strategic marketing initiatives. It suggests that businesses should make it easier for people to get loans, employ more digital tools, train their managers, and spend money on marketing, especially on tactics that focus on customers and are driven by digital tools. The study adds to the knowledge on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies and gives policymakers and managers ideas on how to encourage competitive and long-term SME growth in Nigeria.

Entrepreneurial Approaches to Environmental Sustainability in the Circular Economy

Ewere Success Obieze — 2026-01-15

The study aims to examine the extent to which entrepreneurs in Nigeria incorporate sustainability into their operations, identify adopted circular business models, evaluate perceived benefits and challenges, and analyze how entrepreneurial strategies and innovation influence CE adoption. Anchored in pragmatist philosophy, the study employs a deductive approach and quantitative design to test theoretical constructs empirically. A structured questionnaire titled Entrepreneurial Sustainability and Circular Economy Questionnaire (ESCEQ) was developed, validated by experts, and distributed both physically and digitally. Using stratified random sampling, data were collected from 120 entrepreneurs across five sectors (e.g., recycling, sustainable packaging). The instrument demonstrated strong internal consistency with Cronbach’s Alpha scores exceeding 0.70. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26), employing descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses to evaluate relationships between key variables. Harman’s single-factor test confirmed the absence of significant common method bias. Results revealed a significant positive relationship between sustainability integration, circular business model adoption, perception of benefits and challenges, and entrepreneurial strategies with CE adoption. Entrepreneurial innovation was the most influential predictor (β = 0.3125). The regression model explained 56.2% of the variance in CE adoption (R² = 0.5623). Conclusion and Recommendation: Entrepreneurs in Nigeria demonstrate strong engagement with circular economy principles. However, barriers such as limited financing and awareness persist. The study recommends government incentives, educational reforms, NGO-led training, and enhanced entrepreneur collaboration. This study contributes empirical insights into circular entrepreneurship in Nigeria, offering actionable strategies for policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs to foster sustainable economic development.

Strengthening Rural Smart Economy: Evidence from Village Innovation Programs in Indonesia and South Africa

Ambo Upe — 2026-01-15

The transformation of rural development in Global South countries requires innovative approaches to strengthen local economic resilience and competitiveness amid structural changes, spatial inequalities, and increasingly complex market dynamics. This study aims to analyze the contribution of village innovation initiatives in Indonesia and South Africa in shaping an adaptive, inclusive, and endogenous potential-based rural smart economy. This study uses a qualitative approach with a comparative case study design, combining interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that the Village Innovation Program in Indonesia and various community-based rural innovation initiatives in South Africa empirically contribute to improving economic and digital literacy, diversifying local resource-based products, and strengthening market connectivity through collective mechanisms, cooperatives, and local socio-economic networks. The findings also indicate that a smart rural economy is determined more by social organizational capacity, institutional coordination, and market integration than by the mere adoption of technology. Nevertheless, relatively similar structural challenges remain, particularly those related to infrastructure limitations, unequal access to resources, and uneven institutional capacity. This study concludes that strengthening the rural smart economy through village innovation programs is a strategic path for rural development in the Global South, with the main prerequisites being sustainable policy support, cross-sector integration, and strengthening local institutions to achieve inclusive and sustainable development.

Analysis Supply Chain of Chili Commodities to Support Regional Food Security in South Konawe Regency

Irmawatty Paula Tamburaka — 2026-01-15

This study aims to analyze the structure and effectiveness of the chili commodity supply chain in South Konawe Regency in order to support regional food security. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, through observation, in-depth interviews, and literature review. The sampling method was purposive sampling in three sub-districts: Ranomeeto Barat Sub-district (10 farmers), Konda Sub-district (10 farmers), and Landono Sub-district (10 farmers). Additionally, from each of these sub-districts, 2 collecting traders, 2 retail traders, and 5 consumers were also included. The results showed that the distribution pattern of the chili commodities was the distribution pattern I, II, III, and IV, respectively: I = farmer – collector – wholesaler – retailer – consumer: II = farmer – wholesaler – retailer – consumer, III = farmer – wholesaler – consumer, IV = farmer – consumer. The highest marketing margin for retailers with distribution pattern I is IDR8000, the lowest marketing margin is for collectors with distribution pattern I, and wholesalers for distribution pattern I, II, and III are IDR5000 each. The highest famer'share received by farmers in the second distribution pattern is 95.4 percent. This is due to marketing the commodity of chili without going through collectors, so that farmers get bigger profits. Each marketing agency does not use workers outside the family because the cost of labor in the research area is relatively high; each marketing agency tends to employ family members. The price of chili in the market varies from IDR39,500kg to IDR45,000/kg.

The Effect of Brand Image on Customer Loyalty: A Comparative Study of Modern and Conventional Pharmacies in Kendari

Natalia Christiani Putri — 2026-01-15

Many pharmacies are opening up in Indonesia, especially in Kendari City. It makes competing harder, so it is even more important to have good branding strategies to keep customers returning. This study examines the impact of brand image on customer loyalty in two types of pharmacies: modern (K) and traditional (P). We employed the SmartPLS software to conduct Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) to interpret the numerical data. There were 200 people in the study, 100 of whom were customers of P Pharmacy and 100 of whom were customers of K Pharmacy. The results show that how people feel about a brand significantly and positively affects how loyal customers are to both pharmacies. The path coefficient for K Pharmacy was 0.662, and the F-squared was 0.781, which means it had a significant effect. However, P Pharmacy had a path coefficient of 0.852 and an F-squared of 2.645, meaning it had an even bigger effect. The R-square study shows that 43.9% of the changes in customer loyalty are due to K Pharmacy's brand image, while 72.6% are due to P Pharmacy's brand image. These results show that P Pharmacy's branding strategies work better to make customers feel like they belong to the store and want to return. The survey says that pharmacies today should care more about the quality of their products and how their customers feel about them. On the other hand, traditional pharmacies should work on their business image and emotional ties to keep customers returning.

Human Resource Development Strategies for Enhancing SME Competitiveness: A Systematic Literature Review

Ajeng Purwati Ningtyas — 2026-01-15

This systematic literature review synthesizes findings from ten peer-reviewed articles exploring human resource development (HRD) strategies for enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across diverse country contexts, including India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Tanzania, Mexico, and Lebanon. The review aims to identify dominant HRD themes, methodological trends, research gaps, and theoretical and practical implications. Studies analyzed deploy quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches, examining interventions such as targeted training, coaching, empowerment, innovative funding, and the integration of HRD with core business and innovation strategies. Results reveal that tailored HRD practices supported by adaptive systems, empowerment, digitalization, and multi-stakeholder partnerships substantially improve SME productivity, resilience, and sustainability. However, research gaps persist in areas such as digital/green HRM adoption, HRD for micro and informal enterprises, and comprehensive integration with innovation management. The review concludes that contextually adapted HRD is a catalyst for SME transformation, and calls for further research using longitudinal and cross-country designs to advance both theory and practice.