“A Blessing and a Curse”: Challenges, Strategies, and Needs of International Graduates in the Midwest USA

Authors

  • Tam Ngoc Minh Nguyen College of Public Health, Kent State University, United States
  • Anthony Coetzer-Liversage ServeMinnesota, United States
  • Deric R. Kenne Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, United States

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47540/ijqr.v5i2.1961

Keywords:

Coping Mechanisms, Higher Education, International Graduates, Mental Health

Abstract

International graduate students are among the most vulnerable populations in university settings due to diverse academic, social, and mental health challenges. Despite this, few studies have examined how they navigate these difficulties. This study explored the mental health experiences and coping mechanisms of international graduate students at a large, research-intensive university in the Midwestern United States through a resilience-informed lens. Using a descriptive qualitative design, nine participants were recruited through purposive sampling, and semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three main themes emerged: (1) the ups and downs of stress, describing the fluctuating nature of students’ emotional well-being; (2) finding ways to thrive, highlighting diverse coping strategies and personal growth; and (3) the need for proactive services, emphasizing students’ calls for tailored institutional support. While existing services were acknowledged, participants identified gaps in culturally and contextually relevant resources. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on international students’ mental health, coping mechanisms, and service needs in higher education.

References

Al Juboori, R., Barker, D., & Kim, Y. J. (2025). Predictors of Academic Adjustment Among International Students in Rural Southern USA. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(2), 253.

Alabdullah, M., Agha, Q. Q., & Abdullah, M. A. (2025). Building Academic Resilience through Positive Thinking: A Study of University Students in Syria. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 51(1), 280–292.

Alao, S. A. (2025). Swimming Against the Tides: Lived Experiences and Challenges of Sub-Saharan African Graduate Students Studying in the U.S. The Vermont Connection, 46(1), 18. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/tvc/vol46/iss1/18

Alshehri, M. A., Kruse-Diehr, A. J., McDaniel, J., Partridge, J. A., & Null, D. (2021). Impact of Social Support on the Physical Activity Behaviors of International College Students in the United States. International Journal of Exercise Science, 14(5), 1305–1319.

Altın-Gök, E., & Yorulmaz, O. (2025). Psychological Intervention Studies on The Adaptation of International Students: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 12(2), 104–118.

Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: Adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), 131–154.

Ansari Lari, S., Zumot, M. S., & Fredericks, S. (2025). Navigating mental health challenges in international university students: Adapting to life transitions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1574953.

Asal, M. G. R., Atta, M. H. R., El-Ashry, A. M., Hendy, A., Kheder, M. E. A., Mohamed, A. Z., & El-Sayed, A. A. I. (2025). International nursing students’ culture shock and academic engagement: The moderating role of resilience. Nurse Education Today, 145, 106499.

Barneche, M., Dupont-Jarrett, L., & Nichol-Peters, V. (2025). The Weight of the World: An Overview of Current Trends in Student and Program Staff Mental Health and Well-Being Abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 37(1), 270–293.

Bayati, N., Denson, C., & Asunda, P. (2025). Examining barriers and facilitators of graduate international students in the U.S. Journal of International Students, 15(5), 139–158.

Boddy, C. R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 19(4), 426–432.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

Cables, E., Martin, C., & Culver, J. D. (2024). Trauma-Informed Gatekeeping With International Students: In N. Hurless & L. E. Davis (Eds.), Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development (pp. 329–356). IGI Global.

Cavan, S. A., & Hums, M. (2025). Physical Environment as Servicescape: Increasing International Students’ Participation in Campus Recreation Programs and Services. Recreational Sports Journal, 49(1), 110–123.

Cheung, C., & Yue, X. D. (2013). Sustaining Resilience Through Local Connectedness Among Sojourn Students. Social Indicators Research, 111(3), 785–800.

Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S., & Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-Concealment, Social Self-Efficacy, Acculturative Stress, and Depression in African, Asian, and Latin American International College Students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230–241.

Dinh, H., & Vu, N. T. (2024). “It Feels Like We Have Hit the Tipping Point So Many Times”: A Duoethnographic Inquiry about the Well-Being and Resilience of Two Vietnamese Doctoral Students. In Autoethnographies of Border-Crossing and In-Betweenness of International Doctoral Students’ Voices in the United States (pp. 109–129). BRILL.

Fenton-Smith, B., & Gurney, L. (2025). A critical policy analysis of the Australian Strategy for International Education 2021–2030. Policy Futures in Education, 23(1), 243–258.

Girmay, M., Singh, Gopal K., Jones, Sosanya, & Wallace, Juliane. (2019). Understanding the Mental and Physical Health Needs and Acculturation Processes of International Graduate Students in the United States. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 11(Fall), 10–17.

Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.

He, R., Köksal, S., Cockayne, H., & Elliot, D. L. (2025). It’s more than just food: The role of food among Chinese international students’ acculturation experiences in the UK and USA. Food, Culture & Society, 28(1), 306–324.

Hendrickson, B., Rosen, D., & Aune, R. K. (2011). An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 281–295.

Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Marconi, V. C. (2017). Code Saturation Versus Meaning Saturation: How Many Interviews Are Enough? Qualitative Health Research, 27(4), 591–608.

Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental Health Need, Awareness, and Use of Counseling Services Among International Graduate Students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118

Institute of International Education. (2024). IIE Open Doors/Leading Places of Origin. IIE Open Doors/Leading Places of Origin. https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/leading-places-of-origin/

Ivanova, P., Sun, Y., Li, W., & Bista, K. (2025). International students’ loneliness and social engagement: Narratives from the United States and Japan. Journal of International Students, 15(4), 1–20.

Jett, K. M., Daniels, B. T., Brigance, M., Passarelli, J. L., & Howie, E. K. (2024). A Qualitative Description of Graduate Students’ Perceived Decline in Physical Activity from Undergraduate School. International Journal of Exercise Science, 17(5), 1038–1055.

Jin, L., & Wang, C. D. C. (2018). International students’ attachment and psychological well-being: The mediation role of mental toughness. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 31(1), 59–78.

Jing Wang. (2009). A Study of Resiliency Characteristics in the Adjustment of International Graduate Students at American Universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(1), 22–45.

Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of Qualitative Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(1), 23–42.

Kim, S. R., & Zalaquett, C. P. (2025). Mediation Effect of Resilience Between Stressors and Psychological Wellbeing of Asian International Students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 47(2), 294–309.

Kim, Y. K., Maleku, A., Lemieux, C. M., Du, X., & Chen, Z. (2019). Behavioral Health Risk and Resilience among International Students in the United States: A Study of Socio-demographic Differences. Journal of International Students, 9(1), 282–305.

Kleinman, A., & Benson, P. (2006). Anthropology in the Clinic: The Problem of Cultural Competency and How to Fix It. PLoS Medicine, 3(10), e294.

Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 120–124.

Kristiana, I. F., Karyanta, N. A., Simanjuntak, E., Prihatsanti, U., Ingarianti, T. M., & Shohib, M. (2022). Social Support and Acculturative Stress of International Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6568.

Larcombe, W., Ryan, T., & Baik, C. (2024). Are international students relatively resilient? Comparing international and domestic students’ levels of self-compassion, mental health and wellbeing. Higher Education Research & Development, 43(2), 362–376.

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760.

Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development. The American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

Masten, A. S., & Powell, J. L. (2003). A resilience framework for research, policy, and practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 1–25). Cambridge University Press.

Matheka, H. M., Jansen, E. P. W. A., Suhre, C. J. M., & Hofman, A. W. H. (2025). The influence of supervisors and peers on PhD students’ sense of belonging and their success at Kenyan universities. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 16(1), 25–39.

Maxwell, J. A. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279–300.

McLachlan, D. a., & Justice, J. (2009, January 1). A Grounded Theory of International Student Well-being. Journal of Theory Construction And Testing, 13(1), 27–32.

Milne, J., & Oberle, K. (2005). Enhancing rigor in qualitative description. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 32(6), 413–420.

Mittelmeier, J., Huang, D., Xu, L., Ozturk, M., & Healey, K. B. (2025). International students and everyday multiculturalism: Rethinking ‘connection’ through mundane sites of encounter. Higher Education.

Nam, B. H., & English, A. S. (2025a). Collective Resilience and Coping Mechanisms Among International Faculty Members Amid Snap Lockdowns During the Delta and Omicron Variant Outbreaks in East China. Psychological Reports, 128(2), 744–771.

Nam, B. H., & English, A. S. (2025b). The myths of “Melting Pot” and “California Dream”: Ethnographic accounts of separation, marginalization, and intra-group conflicts among east asian international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 105, 102148-.

Neergaard, M. A., Olesen, F., Andersen, R. S., & Sondergaard, J. (2009). Qualitative description – the poor cousin of health research? BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1), Article 52.

Osa, M. L., Luther, G. M., & Kelly, N. R. (2025). Racial Discrimination and Perceived Weight Status Are Positively Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among Latina and Hispanic Women in the United States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 47(2), 163–189.

Pan, J.-Y., Wong, D. F. K., Chan, C. L. W., & Joubert, L. (2008). Meaning of life as a protective factor of positive affect in acculturation: A resilience framework and a cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(6), 505–514.

Panter‐Brick, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2013). Editorial Commentary: Resilience in child development – interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 333–336.

Park, H., Lee, M.-J., Choi, G.-Y., & Zepernick, J. S. (2017). Challenges and coping strategies of East Asian graduate students in the United States. International Social Work, 60(3), 733–749.

Ploner, J. (2017). Resilience, Moorings and International Student Mobilities – Exploring Biographical Narratives of Social Science Students in the UK. Mobilities, 12(3), 425–444.

Poyrazli, S., & Grahame, K. M. (2007). Barriers to Adjustment: Needs of International Students within a Semi-Urban Campus Community. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(1), 28.

Preuß, J. S., Zimmermann, J., & Jonkmann, K. (2025). Intersectional perspectives on the university belonging of international STEM students. Social Psychology of Education, 28(1), Article 59.

Reavley, N., & Jorm, A. F. (2010). Prevention and early intervention to improve mental health in higher education students: A review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 4(2), 132–142.

Sabouripour, F., & Roslan, S. B. (2015). Resilience, Optimism and Social Support among International Students. Asian Social Science, 11(15), p159.

Sakız, H., & Jencius, M. (2024). Inclusive mental health support for international students: Unveiling delivery components in higher education. Global Mental Health, 11, Article e8.

Saldaña, J. (2015). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage.

Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing & Health, 23(4), 334–340.

Siccama, C. J., & Penna, S. (2008). Enhancing Validity of a Qualitative Dissertation Research Study by Using NVIVO. Qualitative Research Journal, 8(2), 91–103.

Soong, H., & Mu, G. M. (2025). International student wellbeing and everyday community engagement experiences: An Australian study. Studies in Higher Education, 1–15.

Tang, L., Zhang, C., & Cui, Y. (2025). The Association Between Social Connectedness and Psychological Well‐Being Among International Students: Social Support Moderates the Mediating Effects of Loneliness and Perceived Stress. Psychology in the Schools, 62(5), 1434–1452.

Thorstensson, L. (2001). This Business of Internationalization: The Academic Experiences of 6 Asian MBA International Students at the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5(4), 317–340.

Ungar, M. (2011). The Social Ecology of Resilience: A Handbook of Theory and Practice (1. Aufl.). Springer Science + Business Media.

Vakkai, R. J. Y., Harris, K., Crabbe, J. J., Chaplin, K. S., & Reynolds, M. (2020). Sociocultural Factors That Impact the Health Status, Quality of Life, and Academic Achievement of International Graduate Students: A Literature Review. Journal of International Students, 10(3), 758–775.

Wang, C., & Mireles-Rios, R. (2025). Impact of Peer Dynamics and Only-Child Experience on Academic Motivation among Chinese International Graduate Students in the U.S. Journal of International Students, 15(2), 1–24.

Weber, T., Mol, C., & Wolbers, M. H. J. (2025). Does the Development Level of the Origin Country of International Students Influence Where They Enrol? A Case Study of the Netherlands. Population Space and Place, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2864

Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 152–169.

Wong, V., & Sohi, A. (2025). Racial Capitalism, Neocolonial Wealth Transfer, and Canadian International Student Policy. Dalhousie Law Journal, 48(1), 1–31.

Wu, Q., Ji, H., Park, Y., Kim, S., Yang, J., & Wang, L. (2025). East Asian international doctoral students’ role identity development in the United States: A collaborative autoethnography. Journal of International Students, 15(1), Article 1.

Yakunina, E. S., Weigold, I. K., Weigold, A., Hercegovac, S., & Elsayed, N. (2013). International Students’ Personal and Multicultural Strengths: Reducing Acculturative Stress and Promoting Adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(2), 216–223.

Yan, Z., Cardinal, B. J., & Acock, A. C. (2015). Understanding Chinese international college and university students’ physical activity behavior. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(2), 203–210.

Yin, C., Kim, S. H., & Kim, Y. H. (2024). Factors associated with changes in physical activity levels among Chinese international students in South Korea. Physical Activity and Nutrition, 28(4), 31–41.

Ying, Y.-W., & Han, M. (2006). The contribution of personality, acculturative stressors, and social affiliation to adjustment: A longitudinal study of Taiwanese students in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 623–635.

Yoh, T. (2009). Motivational Attitudes toward Participating in Physical Activity among International Students Attending Colleges in the United States. College Student Journal, 43(3), 931–936.

Yoon, E., & Jepsen, D. A. (2008). Expectations of and Attitudes toward Counseling: A Comparison of Asian International and U.S. Graduate Students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 30(2), 116–127.

Yu, Q., Brunsting, N. C., Smart, J., & Bingham, W. P. (2025). Language Proficiency, Second Language Educational Experience, and Psychological Well-being Among International Students at U.S. Universities. Research in Higher Education, 66(1), Article 3.

Zhang, J., & He, F. (2025). Chapter 3. Building a sense of belonging: Two Chinese female academics’ journey in higher education institutions in the United States. In J. Zhang & N. Sarrazin (Eds.), Asian perspectives on education: Inclusivity and diversity (pp. 47–68). Vernon Press.

Zhao, X., Yu, L., Bonnamy, J., Brand, G., Kovach, N., & Huang, M. (2025). Challenges faced by international nursing students undertaking graduate research: Contemporary issues. Nurse Education Today, 146, Article 106556.

Published

2025-11-30

How to Cite

Nguyen, T. N. M., Coetzer-Liversage, A., & Kenne, D. R. (2025). “A Blessing and a Curse”: Challenges, Strategies, and Needs of International Graduates in the Midwest USA. International Journal of Qualitative Research, 5(2), 176-190. https://doi.org/10.47540/ijqr.v5i2.1961

Issue

Section

Articles